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</html>";s:4:"text";s:5443:"This short-term exploitation was two-fold. Although Pan-German fantasies called for the annexation of French territory as far as the estuary of the river Somme, the war aims of the German government primarily envisaged the ore basins of Longwy and Briey. As the occupied territories’ harvests were to compensate for the food shortage in Germany caused by the British blockade, the German occupation authorities had a growing demand for agricultural workers. In this respect the local civilians shared the fate of delinquent German soldiers, who, towards the end of the war, were often put into military convict companies (. This fundamental dilemma and other legal issues in connection with occupation during World War I are discussed in Deperchin, Annie and van Ypersele, Laurence: Droit et occupation. ): Vers la guerre totale. 311-336. The aborted German invasion of France, though just a month into the war, marked a major turning point. Larissa Wegner, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Section Editors: Benoît Majerus; Nicolas Beaupré. 108-109. For the German war aims regarding France see Hardach, Der Erste Weltkrieg 1973, pp. From 1916 onwards the local population (as well as the German military staff) were even stripped of the wool stuffing from their mattresses, and finally even church bells were removed to be melted down for weapons.[13]. Several times, though, especially towards the end of the war, death penalties were commuted into prison sentences. Ein Beitrag zur politischen Rolle des Katholizismus im Ersten Weltkrieg, Frankfurt am Main 1982. This step was not only aimed at the Flemish population, but was also meant as an incentive for the Walloon movement, which the German occupiers very irrationally hoped to convince of their cause too by promising close post-war ties between an independent Wallonia and Germany. [12] These long-terms plans however did not decisively affect the German occupation policy during the war. When in November 1914 the race to the sea ended in the stalemate of trench warfare, 3.7 percent of the French territory remained in the hands of the German army. [37] Women who associated with German soldiers shared the same fate, not only when they entered romantic relationships, but also when their motivation was purely economical and/or caused by sheer need. Other examples for this fatal trend were the aerial bombing of cities and economic blockade, both of which turned civilians into deliberate military targets. This trend prevailed under the Third Supreme Army Command of Paul von Hindenburg (1847-1934) and Erich Ludendorff (1865-1937), who demanded a ruthless exploitation, not only of raw materials, but also of manpower. Wegner, Larissa: Occupation during the War (Belgium and France) , in: 1914-1918-online. Les cas de la France et de la Belgique, in: Horne, John (ed. The civilians in the occupied territories for their part were under a double constraint: not only did they have to cope and live with the enemy for four long years of war, but they also had to meet the expectations of their own government and compatriots. For the French case, and from the perspective of the local authorities, this is very well shown by Vandenbussche, R.: Le pouvoir municipal à Douai sous l’occupation (1914-1918), in: Revue du Nord 61/241 (1979), pp. People who collaborated voluntarily with the occupier not only had to expect punishment by their own government after the war, but were often verbally and physically attacked by their compatriots. bayerisches Armeekorps Bd. So, in the end, both sides had to find a modus vivendi. However, there was also room for cooperation. See Deperchin/van Ypersele, Droit et occupation, in: Horne (ed. German infantry on the battlefield, August 7, 1914. Germany’s westward advance in 1914 contained some of the most dramatic and unexpected moments of the First World War. The overall dismissive or hostile attitude of the local population increased the constant feeling of a latent threat among the occupying forces. In particular the mayors were indispensable intermediaries between occupying power and population. To Lose a Battle: France 1940 by Alistair Horne (Penguin, 1979 and many reprints) The Fall of France: The Nazi Invasion of 1940 by Julian Jackson (Oxford University Press, 2004) Top Measures such as compulsory labour and deportations destroyed their already rather irrational efforts to win over the local population to the German cause. For the concept of total war see, Förster, Stig: Das Zeitalter des totalen Krieges, 1861-1945. There are actually several articles on different aspects of the occupation in both countries (for a selection see attached bibliography), but rather few monographs dealing with the occupations on the whole. [28] In France, too, many local clergymen encouraged, or offered passive resistance, as for example the bishop of Lille, Alexis-Armand Charost (1860-1930). 25-45. Mobility was restricted, identity cards were introduced, curfews imposed, arms, carrier pigeons and telephones seized, postal traffic limited, newspapers censored or forbidden. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 2014-10-08. Moreover, in the occupied French territory, as well as in the Belgian operational- and rear area, the military authorities resorted to compulsory labour from the very beginning. 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